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Enterobacterial Infections Diagnosed at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of Fann Hospital (2013-2014) Dakar, Senegal  [PDF]
Khardiata Diallo Mbaye, Ndèye Aissatou Lakhe, Khadime Sylla, Rahmatoulahi Ndiaye, Viviane Marie Pierre Cissé Diallo, Daye Ka, Aminata Massaly, Alassane Dièye, Louise Fortes Déguénonvo, Cheikh Tacko Diop, Cheikh Tidiane Ndour, Masserigne Soumaré, Moussa Seydi
Advances in Infectious Diseases (AID) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/aid.2018.84018
Abstract: Introduction: Entero bacteria are mainly found in the gut of man and animals. The frequent acquisition of antibiotic resistance mechanisms explains why they are the bacteria most often implicated in human infectious pathology. It is estimated to be involved in 50% of sepsis, 60% of enteritis, 70% of urinary tract infection case. Objective: To determine the prevalence of enterobacterial infections diagnosed at Fann Infectious Diseases Clinic, and describe their epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study, on patients hospitalized from January 2013 to December 2014, at Fann Infectious Diseases Clinic, with bacteriological confirmation of an enterobacteria infection. Results: A total of 129 cases were collected during the study period. The average age was 41 years, and female were predominant (60%) with a sex ratio of 0.67. Comorbidity was found in 88.4% of the cases, most of which were HIV infection. The most common clinical signs were infectious syndrome (53.49%) and general impairment (40.31%). The main gateway was urinary (55.8%). Samples were monomicrobial in 76.7% of cases. Klebsiella and Escherichia were the most common and 68.7% of the subjects had probabilistic treatment. Most enterobacterial strains were resistant to third generation cephalosporins (C3G), aminoglycosides to ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. Aside from 4% of them, all were sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: The advent of antibiotics has brought hope in the treatment of enterobacterial infections. However, an increase in their resistance to the usual antibiotics has been noted in recent years. As a result, the fight against antibiotic resistance must be a priority.
COVID-19/Tuberculosis Co-Infection at the Epidemic Treatment Center (ETC) of Saint-Louis (Senegal): About 9 Cases  [PDF]
Alassane Dièye, Moustapha Diedhiou, Papa Latyr Junior Diouf, Mba Bambo Diakhaby, Demba Makalou, Samba Niang, Diatou Dia-Gueye, Amadou Diop Dia, Ibrahima Louis Martin Dieng, Seynabou L？, Ndéye Méry Dia-Badiane
Advances in Infectious Diseases (AID) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/aid.2024.141005
Abstract: Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, which increases the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19/TB coinfection at the Epidemic treatment center (ETC) in Saint-Louis (Senegal) and to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and outcome profile of co-infected patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study based on the records of COVID-19/ TB co-infected patients who were hospitalized at the ETC in Saint-Louis (Senegal) over an 18-month period from March 2020 to September 2021. Results: Out of a total of 454 hospitalizations, we collected records of 9 patients co-infected with COVID-19/TB, resulting in a prevalence of 2%. The study included patients with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-86 years), with a male predominance (7 cases) and a sex ratio of 3.5. The majority of patients (88.9%) had severe forms of COVID-19. Dyspnea and cough were reported in all patients (100%). Pulmonary TB was the most frequent localization, with 9 cases. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR in all patients (100%). Bacilloscopy was positive in 3 out of 5 cases. One patient tested positive for GeneXpert? MTB/RIF without rifampicin resistance. All patients were prescribed the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Out of the nine patients, four recovered (44.4%) and five died (55.5%). Conclusion: COVID-19/TB coinfection had a low prevalence in our cohort, but was associated with a high mortality due to the frequent occurrence of severe forms of the disease.
Semantic Primitives Extraction for XBRL Domain Ontology  [PDF]
Di Ye, Ding Pan
Modern Economy (ME) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/me.2020.113051
Abstract: At present, XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) has been used in more and more countries and organizations. Although XBRL has achieved a series of remarkable achievements, the current development of XBRL has also encountered bottlenecks. On the one hand, the XBRL field has not been unified. On the other hand, the semantics of concepts in the domain ontology of XBRL is weak, resulting in the slow application and promotion of XBRL. This paper regulates the extraction of semantic primitives in the ontology of XBRL domain from the perspective of semantics and solves the problem of “how to extract semantic primitives”. The solution to this problem can promote computers to better understand XBRL financial reports and reduce the technical difficulty of XBRL. This paper comprehensively uses the theories of semantic primitives, graph theory, and domain ontology. First, it analyzes the research status and shortcomings of semantic primitive extraction methods. Second, it constructs a graph of accounting term relationship network from the perspective of graph theory. The extraction of semantic primitives. Finally, the validity of semantic primitive extraction is analyzed and verified.
Impact of COVID-19 in the Hospital Activities of a Cardiology Department: Case of the General Hospital Idrissa Pouye in Dakar, Senegal in 2020  [PDF]
Pêngd-Wendé Habib Boussé Traore, Jean Augustin Diégane Tine, Aliou Alassane Ngaide, Joseph Salvador Mingou, Alassane Mbaye, Bouna Diack, Abdoul Kane
Open Journal of Epidemiology (OJEpi) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2022.122008
Abstract: Introduction: In Senegal, at the end of 2020, there were a cumulative 18,728 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 390 deaths. Patients with cardiovascular disease were the most affected by this morbidity and mortality. This is why we were given the objective of analyzing the effect of COVID-19 on the hospital activities of a cardiology service in Senegal. In this case that of the General Idrissa Pouye Hospital (HOGIP), by comparing admissions, deaths, average monthly length of stay and overall annual mortality of the service in 2020 with each of the four previous years. Methodology: This was a descriptive study from January 2016 to December 2020 by retrospective data collection. The collection ran from January 5, 2021 to March 30, 2021. Statistical analysis was performed with Rstudio 4.1.0 statistical analysis software. We expressed these variables as their absolute values and then we calculated the difference between the absolute value of 2020 and that of each of the previous years, both on a monthly and annual scale for each of the variables. Finally, we calculated the annual global mortality (each year from 2012 to 2020). Results: The total number of admissions in 2020 was significantly lower than in 2016 (-7.59%), 2017 (-8.78%) and 2018 (-2.16%). On the other hand, it was clearly higher than that of 2019 (+12.83%). A record in admissions was found during the month of December 2020 compared to 2016 (+64.70%), 2017 (+95.34%), 2018 (+127.02%) and 2019 (+127.02%). The average monthly length of stay in 2020 was less than or equal to those of 2016 (-7.62%), 2017 (-8.57%), 2018 (-3.03%) and 2019 (-0.00%). The total number of annual deaths in 2020 was significantly lower than in 2016 (-24.39%), 2017 (-27.06%), 2018 (-39.81%) and 2019 (-23.46%). Over the 5 years of our study, the year 2020 was the least lethal in service with an overall annual mortality of 9.79%. Conclusion: COVID-19 being a viral transmissible pathology with pulmonary tropism, its mortality is due to both respiratory failure and cardiovascular damage. Its morbidity and mortality are supported by major non-communicable diseases and their risk factors (Heart disease, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity, etc.). It, therefore, follows that the considerable drop in overall annual mortality in the service in 2020 can only be explained by a massive diversion of patients, to epidemic treatment centers and infectious diseases services, who should have, in normal times, been taken care of in
Limit of the Solution of a PDE in the Degenerate Case  [PDF]
Alassane Diedhiou
Applied Mathematics (AM) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/am.2013.42051
Abstract:

In this paper we show that we can have the same conclusion for the limit of the solution if we suppose the case of hypoellipticity.

Epidemiological Model and Public Health Sensitization in Mali  [PDF]
Mahamadou Alassane
Applied Mathematics (AM) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/am.2015.610151
Abstract: In this paper we propose a mathematical model to evaluate the impact of public health sensitization campaign on the spread of HIV-AIDS in Mali. We analyse rigorously this model to get insight into its dynamical features and to obtain associated epidemiological thresholds. If R0 < 1, we show that the disease-free equilibrium of the model is globally asymptotically stable when the public health sensitization program is 100% effective. The impact of public health sensitization strategies is assessed numerically by simulating the model with a reasonable set of parameter values (mostly chosen from the literature) and initial demographic data from Mali.
The G5 Sahel: Security Implementation and Challenges  [PDF]
Alassane Camara
Open Journal of Political Science (OJPS) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/ojps.2020.103030
Abstract: During these last decades, insecurity has been one of the most relevant issues on the political circle as well as on the academic agenda. The security implementation in the Sahel is a complex issue and must be passed by a reflection and reciprocity of the efforts of the different countries and the different partners to assure the prevention against terrorism armed groups, the organized crimes and narcotics. These implementations meet some challenges that are political, socio-economic, military and strategic order, the mutual efforts of the G5 Sahel countries member must be an essential priority, because its results will make to emerge positive profits of the setting in work of the territorial redesign strategies. The G5 Sahel or the G5S is a young institution that has been put in place while a summit on 14th to 17th February 2014 with the coalition of five countries: Mali, Burkina-Faso, Niger, Mauritania and Chad. These countries are faced to the insecurity dangers in their Sahel’s space since some years, and it is through this initiative of common efforts that the G5 Sahel was created. Most of these countries are faced to insecurity challenges in their territory and this work is a way to highlight the efforts that the G5 Sahel and its different partners have established for the security implementation in the Sahel of its countries member. We also focus this work on the fact that different points are seen as blockage to the objective of functioning of this coordination framework. This work is an advantage for us to edify our two main interest points, the one based on security which is a common vision of the G5 Sahel founding’s purpose and the other that focuses
Is Laparoscopy Still Necessary in the Management of Tubal Infertility?  [PDF]
Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Moussa Diallo, Mame Diarra Ndiaye, Aminata Niass, Mamour Guèye, Gnaza Tchindebe, Anna Dia, Magatte Mbaye, Alassane Diouf
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2021.112008
Abstract: Objectives: To compare between hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopic findings in patients tested for infertility and thereby to determine the significance of the latter examination. Methods: This was a descriptive study performed in two Gynecology departments in the Dakar (Senegal). Included were 84 patients with suspicious tubal-infertility who underwent HSG followed by laparoscopy. The Kappa (K) statistics was used to clarify the concordance between HSG vs. laparoscopy findings. Results: Kappa concordance between HSG and laparoscopy showed the followings: 0.08 for proximal tubal obstructions (poor agreement), 0.40 for distal tubal obstructions (moderate agreement), and -0.08 for peritoneal adhesions (no agreement). Laparoscopy revealed pelvic adhesions in 84% of cases, pelvic endometriosis in 12% of cases, and apparently normal tubes in 12%. According to the distal tubal operability score, 16.6% of the lesions were classified as stage 4 and 23.8% at stage 1. Conclusion: HSG and laparoscopy findings did not agree in patients with tubal infertility, and thus, laparoscopy should be employed, especially when HSG showed abnormal findings. HSG has a low diagnostic value in adhesions.
Decentralized Management of Diabetes Mellitus by General Patrician  [PDF]
Demba Diédhiou, Djiby Sow, Ibrahima Mané Diallo, Ahmadou Diouara, Michel Alassane Ndour, Maimouna Ndour-Mbaye, Anna Sarr, Said Norou Diop
Open Journal of Internal Medicine (OJIM) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/ojim.2017.72003
Abstract: Introduction: In Senegal, the frequency of diabetes mellitus is estimated at 3.2% and its management by the general patrician (gp) is dissatisfied. The objective was to evaluate the decentralized monitoring of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors by a trained general practician. Patients and methods: It was a retrospective, descriptive study conducted from June 1, 2013 to 31 May, 2015 in Dakar, where included the files of subjects with diabetes mellitus regularly followed. The data collected were epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic. Results: It was of 125 diabetics patients with a mean age of 56.4 years old. At the inclusion, their diabetes had a mean duration of 6.3 years and a mean average HbA1c of 10.4%. The complications were a neuropathy in 58 cases (46.4%), an arteritis in 46 cases (36.8%), a nephropathy in 16 cases (12.8%) and a retinopathy in 28 cases (22.4%). Other cardiovascular risk factors were an arterial hypertension in 74 cases (59.2%), smoking in 11 cases (8.8%), kidney disease in 16 cases (12.8%), and LDL-cholesterol > 1.6 g/l in 39 cases (31.2%). In total, 87 patients (69.6%) were at high cardiovascular risk and among them, 81.6% had LDL-cholesterol > 1g/l. At inclusion, anti-diabetic treatment was oral mono-therapy in 53 cases (42.4%), an insulin therapy in 49 cases (39.2%). After 12 month of follow-up, the dual therapy anti-diabetic was increased from 13.6% to 34.4%. The others associated drugs were anti-hypertensives in 72 cases (57.6%), statins in 29 cases (23.2%) and anti-platelet agent in 46 cases (36.8%). Only 31.2% of the patients with nephropathy were under the renin angiotensin system blockers. Statins and the anti-platelet agents were prescribed respectively at 25.2% and 47.1% of the 87 patients at high cardiovascular risk. During follow-up, the target HbA1c < 7% was reached in 76 cases (60.8%). Conclusion: our study shows the importance and the interest of a trained general practician for the management of non-communicable diseases. However, it would be necessary to strengthen training in the care of other cardiovascular risk factors.
In Vitro Clonal Propagation from Adult Material of a Savannah Species of Socio-Economic Importance: Annona senegalensis Pers.  [PDF]
Oumar Ba, Abraham Diémé, Mame Ourèye Sy
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/as.2021.124024
Abstract: Annona senegalensis (Pers.) or Annone from Senegal is a species found in the West African savannah and para-littoral sands. It offers real possibilities of socio-economic use, particularly in the medical, nutritional, ecosystem conservation and poverty alleviation fields. However, this wild species remained not fully exploited despite its potentialities. As a result, there is a need to regenerate this species; therefore, the in vitro propagation from adult material was undertaken. For this purpose, axillary nodes from plant regrowth taken from elderly subjects were aseptically introduced into different media enriched or not with phytohormones. Among the 3 culture media tested, that of Murashige and Skoog (MS, 1962) was the most reactive and made it possible to develop a micropropagation protocol for adult material of A. senegalensis. Thus, the introduction of these explants in media containing cytokinins (BAP and Kinetin) significantly increased the reactivity compared to media without hormones. If the best average numbers of shoots (2.3) and nodes (5.3) are obtained in MS + BAP 2 mg·L−1, with a reactivity of 91.66%, the addition of 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA gave the best average length (8.25 cm) of vitroplants. An induction time of 3 days into darkness with IBA at 50 mg·L−1, followed by a transfer to hormone-free expression medium (MS/2) under light, resulted in a rooting rate of 58.33%. After the gradual weaning of the young plants in a mini-greenhouse, under shade for 3 weeks, 50% of the plants survived. This in vitro regeneration protocol can therefore be adopted for the clonal propagation of adult material of A. senegalensis. However, the rooting rate can be improved
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